FOR EDUCATIONAL PURPOSE ONLY.
BIOLOGY IS THE SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF LIFE AND LIVING ORGANISMS AND IT USES A VAST ARRAY OF TERMINOLOGIES TO EXPLAIN CONCEPTS, PROCESSES, AND PHENOMENA THAT OCCUR WITHIN AND AROUND LIVING ORGANISMS. THIS GUIDE COVERS SOME KEY BIOLOGY TERMS THAT ARE FUNDAMENTAL TO UNDERSTANDING THE FIELD.
CELL:-
THE BASIC UNIT OF LIFE, A CELL IS THE SMALLEST STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL UNIT OF AN ORGANISM. IT IS THE BUILDING BLOCK OF ALL LIVING ORGANISMS, WITH EACH CELL CAPABLE OF PERFORMING LIFE PROCESSES LIKE METABOLISM, GROWTH, AND REPRODUCTION.
DNA (DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID):-
DNA IS THE MOLECULE THAT CARRIES THE GENETIC INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT, FUNCTIONING, AND REPRODUCTION OF ALL LIVING ORGANISMS. IT IS MADE UP OF TWO STRANDS THAT COIL TO FORM A DOUBLE HELIX, WITH SEQUENCES OF NUCLEOTIDES ENCODING GENETIC INFORMATION.
PHOTOSYNTHESIS:-
A PROCESS USED BY PLANTS, ALGAE, AND CERTAIN BACTERIA TO CONVERT LIGHT ENERGY INTO CHEMICAL ENERGY STORED IN GLUCOSE. IT OCCURS PRIMARILY IN THE CHLOROPLASTS OF PLANT CELLS AND INVOLVES THE ABSORPTION OF LIGHT, CARBON DIOXIDE, AND WATER TO PRODUCE OXYGEN AND GLUCOSE.
MITOSIS:-
MITOSIS IS A TYPE OF CELL DIVISION IN WHICH A SINGLE EUKARYOTIC CELL DIVIDES TO PRODUCE TWO GENETICALLY IDENTICAL DAUGHTER CELLS. IT PLAYS A KEY ROLE IN GROWTH, TISSUE REPAIR, AND ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION.
MEIOSIS:-
MEIOSIS IS A SPECIALIZED TYPE OF CELL DIVISION THAT REDUCES THE CHROMOSOME NUMBER BY HALF, RESULTING IN FOUR GENETICALLY UNIQUE CELLS. IT IS ESSENTIAL FOR SEXUAL REPRODUCTION, AS IT PRODUCES GAMETES (SPERM AND EGGS).
EVOLUTION:-
THE PROCESS BY WHICH SPECIES OF ORGANISMS CHANGE OVER TIME THROUGH VARIATIONS IN TRAITS THAT ARE PASSED DOWN FROM ONE GENERATION TO THE NEXT. NATURAL SELECTION, GENETIC DRIFT, AND MUTATION ARE MECHANISMS OF EVOLUTION.
HOMEOSTASIS:-
HOMEOSTASIS IS THE ABILITY OF AN ORGANISM TO MAINTAIN A STABLE INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT DESPITE EXTERNAL CHANGES. IT INVOLVES REGULATING FACTORS LIKE TEMPERATURE, PH, AND THE CONCENTRATION OF GASES AND IONS.
OSMOSIS:-
OSMOSIS IS THE MOVEMENT OF WATER MOLECULES FROM AN AREA OF LOW SOLUTE CONCENTRATION TO AN AREA OF HIGH SOLUTE CONCENTRATION THROUGH A SEMIPERMEABLE MEMBRANE. THIS PROCESS HELPS BALANCE FLUID LEVELS WITHIN CELLS AND TISSUES.
ENZYME:-
ENZYMES ARE PROTEINS THAT ACT AS BIOLOGICAL CATALYSTS, SPEEDING UP CHEMICAL REACTIONS IN THE BODY. THEY ARE CRUCIAL IN METABOLIC PROCESSES, SUCH AS DIGESTION AND CELLULAR RESPIRATION.
CHLOROPLAST:-
CHLOROPLASTS ARE ORGANELLES FOUND IN PLANT CELLS THAT ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR PHOTOSYNTHESIS. THEY CONTAIN CHLOROPHYLL, A PIGMENT THAT ABSORBS SUNLIGHT AND HELPS CONVERT IT INTO CHEMICAL ENERGY.
MUTATION:-
A MUTATION IS A CHANGE IN THE DNA SEQUENCE OF AN ORGANISM’S GENOME. MUTATIONS CAN OCCUR NATURALLY AND CAN LEAD TO VARIATIONS IN TRAITS, SOMETIMES CONTRIBUTING TO EVOLUTION. THEY CAN BE BENEFICIAL, NEUTRAL, OR HARMFUL.
GENE:-
A GENE IS A SEGMENT OF DNA THAT CONTAINS THE INSTRUCTIONS FOR MAKING PROTEINS. GENES DETERMINE INHERITED TRAITS AND ARE PASSED FROM PARENTS TO OFFSPRING.
ALLELE
AN ALLELE IS A VARIANT FORM OF A GENE THAT EXISTS AT A SPECIFIC LOCUS ON A CHROMOSOME. ORGANISMS TYPICALLY HAVE TWO ALLELES FOR EACH GENE, ONE FROM EACH PARENT, WHICH CAN BE DOMINANT OR RECESSIVE.
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS:-
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS IS THE PROCESS BY WHICH CELLS BUILD PROTEINS BASED ON THE INFORMATION ENCODED IN DNA. IT INVOLVES TWO MAIN STAGES: TRANSCRIPTION (WHERE DNA IS CONVERTED INTO MRNA) AND TRANSLATION (WHERE MRNA IS USED TO ASSEMBLE AMINO ACIDS INTO A PROTEIN).
NERVOUS SYSTEM:-
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM IS A NETWORK OF CELLS, TISSUES, AND ORGANS RESPONSIBLE FOR RECEIVING, PROCESSING, AND TRANSMITTING INFORMATION THROUGHOUT THE BODY. IT INCLUDES THE BRAIN, SPINAL CORD, AND NERVES AND IS INVOLVED IN CONTROLLING AND COORDINATING BODILY FUNCTIONS.
IMMUNE SYSTEM:-
THE IMMUNE SYSTEM IS A DEFENSE NETWORK IN THE BODY THAT PROTECTS AGAINST HARMFUL INVADERS, SUCH AS BACTERIA, VIRUSES, AND PARASITES. IT INCLUDES WHITE BLOOD CELLS, ANTIBODIES, AND OTHER COMPONENTS THAT WORK TOGETHER TO IDENTIFY AND DESTROY PATHOGENS.
DNA REPLICATION:-
DNA REPLICATION IS THE PROCESS BY WHICH A CELL MAKES AN IDENTICAL COPY OF ITS DNA. THIS IS A CRUCIAL STEP BEFORE CELL DIVISION, ENSURING THAT EACH NEW CELL RECEIVES AN ACCURATE COPY OF THE GENETIC MATERIAL.
RESPIRATION:-
RESPIRATION IS THE PROCESS BY WHICH CELLS BREAK DOWN GLUCOSE AND OTHER MOLECULES TO RELEASE ENERGY IN THE FORM OF ATP (ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE). IT CAN BE AEROBIC (WITH OXYGEN) OR ANAEROBIC (WITHOUT OXYGEN).
BIODIVERSITY:-
BIODIVERSITY REFERS TO THE VARIETY AND VARIABILITY OF LIFE ON EARTH, ENCOMPASSING THE DIVERSITY OF SPECIES, ECOSYSTEMS, AND GENETIC VARIATION WITHIN SPECIES. PROTECTING BIODIVERSITY IS ESSENTIAL FOR MAINTAINING ECOSYSTEM HEALTH AND RESILIENCE.
ECOSYSTEM:-
AN ECOSYSTEM IS A COMMUNITY OF LIVING ORGANISMS INTERACTING WITH ONE ANOTHER AND THEIR PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT. IT INCLUDES BOTH BIOTIC (LIVING) AND ABIOTIC (NON-LIVING) COMPONENTS, SUCH AS PLANTS, ANIMALS, WATER, AND SOIL.
NATURAL SELECTION:-
NATURAL SELECTION IS A MECHANISM OF EVOLUTION WHERE ORGANISMS WITH TRAITS THAT ARE BETTER SUITED TO THEIR ENVIRONMENT HAVE A HIGHER CHANCE OF SURVIVING AND REPRODUCING. THESE ADVANTAGEOUS TRAITS ARE THEN PASSED ON TO FUTURE GENERATIONS.
RIBOSOME:-
RIBOSOMES ARE SMALL STRUCTURES FOUND IN THE CYTOPLASM OF CELLS THAT ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR PROTEIN SYNTHESIS. THEY READ MESSENGER RNA (MRNA) AND HELP ASSEMBLE AMINO ACIDS INTO PROTEINS. RIBOSOMES CAN BE FREE-FLOATING IN THE CYTOPLASM OR ATTACHED TO THE ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER), FORMING THE ROUGH ER.
ANTIGEN:-
AN ANTIGEN IS ANY SUBSTANCE THAT THE IMMUNE SYSTEM RECOGNIZES AS FOREIGN OR HARMFUL, TRIGGERING AN IMMUNE RESPONSE. ANTIGENS ARE TYPICALLY PROTEINS OR POLYSACCHARIDES FOUND ON THE SURFACE OF PATHOGENS LIKE BACTERIA, VIRUSES, AND FUNGI.
VACCINE:-
A VACCINE IS A BIOLOGICAL PREPARATION THAT HELPS THE BODY DEVELOP IMMUNITY TO A PARTICULAR PATHOGEN. VACCINES CONTAIN WEAKENED OR INACTIVATED PATHOGENS, OR PIECES OF THE PATHOGEN (SUCH AS PROTEINS), THAT STIMULATE THE IMMUNE SYSTEM WITHOUT CAUSING DISEASE.
HORMONE:-
HORMONES ARE CHEMICAL MESSENGERS SECRETED BY GLANDS IN THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM. THEY TRAVEL THROUGH THE BLOODSTREAM AND REGULATE VARIOUS PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESSES, INCLUDING GROWTH, METABOLISM, AND MOOD. EXAMPLES INCLUDE INSULIN, ADRENALINE, AND ESTROGEN.
GENE EXPRESSION:-
GENE EXPRESSION REFERS TO THE PROCESS BY WHICH THE INFORMATION IN A GENE IS USED TO PRODUCE A FUNCTIONAL GENE PRODUCT, TYPICALLY A PROTEIN. THIS PROCESS INCLUDES TRANSCRIPTION (DNA TO RNA) AND TRANSLATION (RNA TO PROTEIN). ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AND INTERNAL SIGNALS CAN INFLUENCE GENE EXPRESSION.
PHYLOGENY:-
PHYLOGENY IS THE STUDY OF THE EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY AND RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN SPECIES. IT INVOLVES CONSTRUCTING PHYLOGENETIC TREES, WHICH REPRESENT THE EVOLUTIONARY PATHS OF DIFFERENT SPECIES BASED ON GENETIC AND MORPHOLOGICAL TRAITS.
AUTOTROPH:-
AUTOTROPHS ARE ORGANISMS THAT PRODUCE THEIR OWN FOOD THROUGH PHOTOSYNTHESIS (IN PLANTS) OR CHEMOSYNTHESIS (IN SOME BACTERIA). THEY ARE PRIMARY PRODUCERS IN ECOSYSTEMS, FORMING THE BASE OF THE FOOD CHAIN BY CONVERTING INORGANIC SUBSTANCES INTO ORGANIC COMPOUNDS.
HETEROTROPH:
HETEROTROPHS ARE ORGANISMS THAT CANNOT PRODUCE THEIR OWN FOOD AND MUST CONSUME OTHER ORGANISMS FOR ENERGY. EXAMPLES OF HETEROTROPHS INCLUDE ANIMALS, FUNGI, AND SOME BACTERIA. THEY ARE CONSUMERS IN ECOSYSTEMS, RELYING ON AUTOTROPHS OR OTHER HETEROTROPHS FOR SUSTENANCE.
RESPIRATION VS. PHOTOSYNTHESIS:-
RESPIRATION AND PHOTOSYNTHESIS ARE VITAL BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES BUT FUNCTION OPPOSITELY. IN PHOTOSYNTHESIS, PLANTS CONVERT LIGHT ENERGY, WATER, AND CARBON DIOXIDE INTO GLUCOSE AND OXYGEN. IN CONTRAST, RESPIRATION IS THE PROCESS BY WHICH ORGANISMS BREAK DOWN GLUCOSE AND OXYGEN TO PRODUCE ENERGY (ATP), WATER, AND CARBON DIOXIDE.
BIOTIC AND ABIOTIC FACTORS:-
BIOTIC FACTORS REFER TO THE LIVING COMPONENTS OF AN ECOSYSTEM, INCLUDING PLANTS, ANIMALS, FUNGI, AND MICROORGANISMS. ABIOTIC FACTORS ARE THE NON-LIVING COMPONENTS, SUCH AS SUNLIGHT, TEMPERATURE, SOIL, WATER, AND AIR. TOGETHER, THESE FACTORS SHAPE THE ENVIRONMENT AND INFLUENCE THE SURVIVAL OF ORGANISMS.
NITROGEN FIXATION:-
NITROGEN FIXATION IS THE PROCESS THROUGH WHICH NITROGEN GAS (N₂) FROM THE ATMOSPHERE IS CONVERTED INTO AMMONIA (NH₃) BY CERTAIN BACTERIA. THIS PROCESS IS ESSENTIAL BECAUSE MOST ORGANISMS CANNOT USE NITROGEN DIRECTLY FROM THE AIR. NITROGEN FIXATION PLAYS A CRUCIAL ROLE IN THE NITROGEN CYCLE AND ENSURES PLANTS HAVE ACCESS TO USABLE NITROGEN.
BIODIVERSITY HOTSPOT:-
A BIODIVERSITY HOTSPOT IS A REGION THAT IS BOTH RICH IN SPECIES DIVERSITY AND HAS A SIGNIFICANT LEVEL OF THREATENED SPECIES. THESE AREAS ARE CONSIDERED PRIORITIES FOR CONSERVATION EFFORTS BECAUSE THEY CONTAIN A HIGH NUMBER OF ENDEMIC SPECIES (SPECIES THAT ARE FOUND NOWHERE ELSE) THAT ARE AT RISK OF EXTINCTION.
CELL MEMBRANE:-
THE CELL MEMBRANE, ALSO KNOWN AS THE PLASMA MEMBRANE, IS A BIOLOGICAL MEMBRANE THAT SEPARATES AND PROTECTS THE INTERIOR OF A CELL FROM ITS EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT. IT IS COMPOSED OF A LIPID BILAYER AND PROTEINS AND REGULATES THE MOVEMENT OF SUBSTANCES IN AND OUT OF THE CELL.
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER):-
THE ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM IS AN ORGANELLE IN EUKARYOTIC CELLS INVOLVED IN PROTEIN AND LIPID SYNTHESIS. THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF ER: ROUGH ER (WITH RIBOSOMES ATTACHED) AND SMOOTH ER (WITHOUT RIBOSOMES). ROUGH ER IS INVOLVED IN PROTEIN SYNTHESIS, WHILE SMOOTH ER IS INVOLVED IN LIPID METABOLISM AND DETOXIFICATION PROCESSES.
PHOTOSYSTEM:-
A PHOTOSYSTEM IS A PROTEIN COMPLEX FOUND IN THE CHLOROPLASTS OF PLANT CELLS THAT IS INVOLVED IN PHOTOSYNTHESIS. IT CAPTURES LIGHT ENERGY AND CONVERTS IT INTO CHEMICAL ENERGY. THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF PHOTOSYSTEMS: PHOTOSYSTEM I AND PHOTOSYSTEM II, EACH PLAYING A CRUCIAL ROLE IN THE LIGHT-DEPENDENT REACTIONS OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS.
XYLEM AND PHLOEM:-
XYLEM AND PHLOEM ARE TWO TYPES OF VASCULAR TISSUE IN PLANTS THAT TRANSPORT WATER, NUTRIENTS, AND SUGARS THROUGHOUT THE PLANT. XYLEM PRIMARILY TRANSPORTS WATER AND MINERALS FROM THE ROOTS TO THE LEAVES, WHILE PHLOEM TRANSPORTS THE SUGARS PRODUCED DURING PHOTOSYNTHESIS TO OTHER PARTS OF THE PLANT.
ANTIBIOTIC:-
AN ANTIBIOTIC IS A SUBSTANCE USED TO TREAT BACTERIAL INFECTIONS BY KILLING OR INHIBITING THE GROWTH OF BACTERIA. ANTIBIOTICS ARE AMONG THE MOST IMPORTANT TOOLS IN MODERN MEDICINE, BUT OVERUSE OR MISUSE CAN LEAD TO ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE, WHERE BACTERIA EVOLVE TO BECOME RESISTANT TO TREATMENT.
GENETIC DRIFT:-
GENETIC DRIFT IS THE RANDOM FLUCTUATION IN ALLELE FREQUENCIES WITHIN A POPULATION, WHICH CAN RESULT IN CHANGES TO GENETIC VARIATION OVER TIME. IT IS MOST PRONOUNCED IN SMALL POPULATIONS AND CAN LEAD TO THE LOSS OF GENETIC DIVERSITY.
CLONING:-
CLONING REFERS TO THE PROCESS OF PRODUCING GENETICALLY IDENTICAL ORGANISMS, CELLS, OR TISSUES. IT CAN OCCUR NATURALLY (AS IN ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION) OR BE ARTIFICIALLY INDUCED IN LABORATORIES. CLONING IS OFTEN USED IN RESEARCH AND BIOTECHNOLOGY, SUCH AS THERAPEUTIC CLONING AND CLONING ANIMALS.
ABIOGENESIS:-
ABIOGENESIS IS THE PROCESS BY WHICH LIFE ARISES NATURALLY FROM NON-LIVING MATTER, SUCH AS SIMPLE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS. IT IS THE THEORY OF THE ORIGIN OF LIFE ON EARTH, SUGGESTING THAT THE FIRST LIVING ORGANISMS EMERGED FROM PRIMORDIAL SOUP OVER BILLIONS OF YEARS.
TROPHIC LEVELS:-
TROPHIC LEVELS REFER TO THE DIFFERENT LEVELS IN AN ECOSYSTEM’S FOOD CHAIN, WHERE ORGANISMS ARE CATEGORIZED BASED ON THEIR FEEDING RELATIONSHIPS. PRIMARY PRODUCERS (AUTOTROPHS) OCCUPY THE FIRST LEVEL, HERBIVORES (PRIMARY CONSUMERS) ARE SECOND, CARNIVORES (SECONDARY CONSUMERS) ARE THIRD, AND SO ON.
CHLOROPHYLL:-
CHLOROPHYLL IS THE GREEN PIGMENT FOUND IN PLANT CELLS THAT IS RESPONSIBLE FOR ABSORBING LIGHT ENERGY DURING PHOTOSYNTHESIS. IT PRIMARILY ABSORBS LIGHT IN THE BLUE AND RED WAVELENGTHS AND REFLECTS GREEN LIGHT, GIVING PLANTS THEIR CHARACTERISTIC COLOR. CHLOROPHYLL IS CRUCIAL FOR THE CONVERSION OF SOLAR ENERGY INTO CHEMICAL ENERGY.
NUCLEUS:-
THE NUCLEUS IS AN ORGANELLE FOUND IN EUKARYOTIC CELLS THAT CONTAINS THE CELL’S GENETIC MATERIAL, ORGANIZED AS DNA. IT CONTROLS THE CELL’S GROWTH, METABOLISM, AND REPRODUCTION BY REGULATING GENE EXPRESSION. THE NUCLEUS IS OFTEN REFERRED TO AS THE “CONTROL CENTER” OF THE CELL.
ORGANISM:-
AN ORGANISM IS ANY INDIVIDUAL LIVING THING THAT CAN FUNCTION INDEPENDENTLY. ORGANISMS CAN BE UNICELLULAR, LIKE BACTERIA AND PROTOZOA, OR MULTICELLULAR, LIKE PLANTS AND ANIMALS. THEY EXHIBIT ALL THE CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE, INCLUDING GROWTH, REPRODUCTION, AND RESPONSE TO STIMULI.
EVOLUTION:-
EVOLUTION IS THE PROCESS BY WHICH SPECIES OF ORGANISMS CHANGE OVER TIME DUE TO VARIATIONS IN TRAITS AND NATURAL SELECTION. IT IS THE CENTRAL CONCEPT IN BIOLOGY AND EXPLAINS THE DIVERSITY OF LIFE ON EARTH. EVOLUTION CAN OCCUR THROUGH MECHANISMS LIKE MUTATION, GENETIC DRIFT, AND GENE FLOW.
ATP (ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE):-
ATP IS THE PRIMARY ENERGY CARRIER IN CELLS. IT STORES ENERGY IN ITS HIGH-ENERGY PHOSPHATE BONDS AND RELEASES IT WHEN THESE BONDS ARE BROKEN. ATP IS ESSENTIAL FOR VARIOUS CELLULAR PROCESSES, INCLUDING MUSCLE CONTRACTION, PROTEIN SYNTHESIS, AND CELL DIVISION.
GENOME:-
THE GENOME IS THE COMPLETE SET OF GENETIC MATERIAL IN AN ORGANISM. IT INCLUDES ALL THE DNA, INCLUDING GENES, REGULATORY ELEMENTS, AND NON-CODING REGIONS. IN HUMANS, THE GENOME IS COMPOSED OF APPROXIMATELY 3 BILLION DNA BASE PAIRS THAT ENCODE ALL THE INFORMATION NECESSARY FOR THE GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT, AND FUNCTIONING OF THE ORGANISM.
GENETIC RECOMBINATION:-
GENETIC RECOMBINATION IS THE PROCESS BY WHICH GENETIC MATERIAL IS EXCHANGED BETWEEN CHROMOSOMES DURING MEIOSIS, LEADING TO GENETIC DIVERSITY IN OFFSPRING. IT IS A CRUCIAL FACTOR IN EVOLUTION, AS IT ALLOWS FOR THE COMBINATION OF GENETIC MATERIAL FROM TWO PARENTS, RESULTING IN UNIQUE GENETIC VARIATIONS.
OSMOSIS:-
OSMOSIS IS THE MOVEMENT OF WATER MOLECULES ACROSS A SEMIPERMEABLE MEMBRANE FROM AN AREA OF LOWER SOLUTE CONCENTRATION TO AN AREA OF HIGHER SOLUTE CONCENTRATION. THIS PASSIVE TRANSPORT MECHANISM IS ESSENTIAL FOR MAINTAINING WATER BALANCE IN CELLS AND IS INVOLVED IN PROCESSES SUCH AS NUTRIENT ABSORPTION AND WASTE REMOVAL.
SYMBIOSIS:-
SYMBIOSIS REFERS TO A CLOSE AND LONG-TERM INTERACTION BETWEEN TWO DIFFERENT BIOLOGICAL ORGANISMS, WHICH CAN BE MUTUALISTIC, COMMENSAL, OR PARASITIC. IN MUTUALISM, BOTH ORGANISMS BENEFIT, WHILE IN PARASITISM, ONE ORGANISM BENEFITS AT THE EXPENSE OF THE OTHER. COMMENSALISM INVOLVES ONE ORGANISM BENEFITING, WITH NO HARM OR BENEFIT TO THE OTHER.
ENZYME:-
ENZYMES ARE PROTEINS THAT ACT AS CATALYSTS IN BIOCHEMICAL REACTIONS. THEY SPEED UP CHEMICAL REACTIONS BY LOWERING THE ACTIVATION ENERGY REQUIRED. EACH ENZYME IS SPECIFIC TO A PARTICULAR SUBSTRATE AND PLAYS AN ESSENTIAL ROLE IN PROCESSES LIKE DIGESTION, CELLULAR RESPIRATION, AND DNA REPLICATION.
PHOTOSYNTHESIS:-
PHOTOSYNTHESIS IS THE PROCESS BY WHICH GREEN PLANTS AND SOME OTHER ORGANISMS CONVERT LIGHT ENERGY, TYPICALLY FROM THE SUN, INTO CHEMICAL ENERGY IN THE FORM OF GLUCOSE. THIS PROCESS OCCURS IN THE CHLOROPLASTS OF PLANT CELLS AND IS ESSENTIAL FOR PRODUCING THE OXYGEN THAT ANIMALS DEPEND ON FOR SURVIVAL.
MITOCHONDRIA:-
MITOCHONDRIA ARE MEMBRANE-BOUND ORGANELLES FOUND IN THE CYTOPLASM OF EUKARYOTIC CELLS. KNOWN AS THE “POWERHOUSES” OF THE CELL, THEY GENERATE ENERGY IN THE FORM OF ATP THROUGH CELLULAR RESPIRATION. MITOCHONDRIA HAVE THEIR OWN DNA AND ARE THOUGHT TO HAVE ORIGINATED FROM AN ANCIENT SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIP WITH PROKARYOTIC CELLS.
TAXONOMY:-
TAXONOMY IS THE BRANCH OF BIOLOGY CONCERNED WITH THE CLASSIFICATION, NAMING, AND IDENTIFICATION OF ORGANISMS. IT ORGANIZES LIFE INTO HIERARCHICAL CATEGORIES BASED ON SHARED CHARACTERISTICS. THE MAIN RANKS IN THE TAXONOMIC HIERARCHY INCLUDE DOMAIN, KINGDOM, PHYLUM, CLASS, ORDER, FAMILY, GENUS, AND SPECIES.
HOMEOSTASIS:-
HOMEOSTASIS IS THE PROCESS BY WHICH LIVING ORGANISMS MAINTAIN A STABLE INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT DESPITE EXTERNAL CHANGES. THIS INCLUDES REGULATING FACTORS LIKE TEMPERATURE, PH, AND WATER BALANCE. FOR EXAMPLE, THE HUMAN BODY MAINTAINS A STABLE INTERNAL TEMPERATURE THROUGH PROCESSES SUCH AS SWEATING AND SHIVERING.
ZYGOTE:-
A ZYGOTE IS THE INITIAL CELL FORMED WHEN TWO GAMETES (EGG AND SPERM) FUSE DURING FERTILIZATION. IT CONTAINS A FULL SET OF GENETIC MATERIAL AND WILL UNDERGO SEVERAL ROUNDS OF DIVISION AND DIFFERENTIATION TO EVENTUALLY FORM A MULTICELLULAR ORGANISM.
MUTATION:-
A MUTATION IS A CHANGE IN THE DNA SEQUENCE THAT CAN RESULT FROM ERRORS DURING DNA REPLICATION OR BE INDUCED BY EXTERNAL FACTORS SUCH AS CHEMICALS OR RADIATION. MUTATIONS CAN BE BENEFICIAL, NEUTRAL, OR HARMFUL, AND THEY CONTRIBUTE TO GENETIC DIVERSITY AND EVOLUTION.
REPRODUCTION:-
REPRODUCTION IS THE BIOLOGICAL PROCESS BY WHICH ORGANISMS PRODUCE OFFSPRING. IT CAN BE SEXUAL, INVOLVING THE COMBINATION OF GENETIC MATERIAL FROM TWO PARENTS, OR ASEXUAL, WHERE OFFSPRING ARE PRODUCED FROM A SINGLE PARENT WITHOUT GENETIC RECOMBINATION. REPRODUCTION IS ESSENTIAL FOR THE SURVIVAL AND CONTINUATION OF SPECIES.
BIOME:-
A BIOME IS A LARGE GEOGRAPHIC BIOTIC UNIT CHARACTERIZED BY THE DOMINANT FORMS OF PLANT LIFE AND THE CLIMATE. EXAMPLES OF BIOMES INCLUDE FORESTS, DESERTS, GRASSLANDS, AND TUNDRAS. BIOMES ARE CATEGORIZED BASED ON TEMPERATURE, PRECIPITATION, AND THE TYPES OF VEGETATION FOUND IN THEM.
GENETIC ENGINEERING:-
GENETIC ENGINEERING IS THE MANIPULATION OF AN ORGANISM’S GENOME USING BIOTECHNOLOGY TO ALTER ITS DNA. THIS TECHNOLOGY ALLOWS FOR THE CREATION OF GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS (GMOS) THAT MAY HAVE DESIRABLE TRAITS, SUCH AS PEST RESISTANCE OR IMPROVED NUTRITIONAL CONTENT.
TROPHIC CASCADE:-
A TROPHIC CASCADE OCCURS WHEN CHANGES AT ONE TROPHIC LEVEL IN A FOOD CHAIN CAUSE CASCADING EFFECTS AT OTHER LEVELS. FOR EXAMPLE, IF PREDATORS ARE REMOVED FROM AN ECOSYSTEM, HERBIVORE POPULATIONS MAY INCREASE, LEADING TO OVERGRAZING AND A DECREASE IN PLANT POPULATIONS.
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