DISCLAIMER:
THE INFORMATION PROVIDED IN THIS ARTICLE, “VOLCANOES AND EARTHQUAKES: FORMATION, HISTORY, FUNCTIONS, AND GLOBAL IMPACT,” IS FOR EDUCATIONAL AND INFORMATIONAL PURPOSES ONLY. WHILE WE STRIVE FOR ACCURACY, GEOLOGICAL PHENOMENA SUCH AS VOLCANOES AND EARTHQUAKES ARE COMPLEX AND CONSTANTLY STUDIED BY SCIENTISTS. THIS CONTENT SHOULD NOT BE USED AS A SUBSTITUTE FOR PROFESSIONAL GEOLOGICAL, SCIENTIFIC OR EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS ADVICE.
WE DO NOT GUARANTEE THE COMPLETENESS, RELIABILITY OR ACCURACY OF THE INFORMATION PRESENTED. READERS ARE ENCOURAGED TO CONSULT AUTHORITATIVE SOURCES SUCH AS GEOLOGICAL AGENCIES, RESEARCH INSTITUTIONS AND DISASTER MANAGEMENT ORGANIZATIONS FOR UP-TO-DATE DATA AND SAFETY GUIDELINES.
THE AUTHORS AND PUBLISHERS OF THIS ARTICLE ARE NOT RESPONSIBLE FOR ANY DECISIONS MADE BASED ON THE CONTENT PROVIDED, NOR FOR ANY DAMAGES OR LOSSES RESULTING FROM THE USE OF THIS INFORMATION. ALWAYS FOLLOW OFFICIAL RECOMMENDATIONS AND SAFETY PROTOCOLS WHEN DEALING WITH NATURAL DISASTERS.
VOLCANOES ARE ONE OF THE MOST POWERFUL NATURAL PHENOMENA ON EARTH. THEY SHAPE LANDSCAPES, INFLUENCE CLIMATE, AND PLAY A CRUCIAL ROLE IN THE GEOLOGICAL CYCLE. THIS ARTICLE EXPLORES MAJOR VOLCANOES WORLDWIDE, THEIR LOCATIONS, HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE, THE PROCESS OF VOLCANIC FORMATION, THEIR RELATION TO EARTHQUAKES AND THEIR FUNCTIONS.
MAJOR VOLCANOES AROUND THE WORLD
1. MOUNT VESUVIUS (ITALY)
LOCATION: CAMPANIA, ITALY
HISTORY: FAMOUS FOR THE CATASTROPHIC ERUPTION IN 79 AD THAT BURIED POMPEII AND HERCULANEUM UNDER ASH AND PUMICE. ONE OF THE MOST DANGEROUS VOLCANOES IN EUROPE DUE TO ITS PROXIMITY TO POPULATED AREAS.
TYPE: STRATOVOLCANO
CURRENT STATUS: ACTIVE
2. MOUNT FUJI (JAPAN)
LOCATION: HONSHU ISLAND, JAPAN
HISTORY: LAST ERUPTED IN 1707-1708; A SYMBOL OF JAPANESE CULTURE AND A MAJOR TOURIST ATTRACTION. CONSIDERED SACRED IN JAPANESE TRADITION.
TYPE: STRATOVOLCANO
CURRENT STATUS: DORMANT
3. MAUNA LOA (HAWAII, USA)
LOCATION: HAWAII, USA
HISTORY: THE LARGEST VOLCANO ON EARTH, FREQUENTLY ERUPTING; LAST ERUPTION IN 2022. COVERS MORE THAN HALF OF THE BIG ISLAND OF HAWAII.
TYPE: SHIELD VOLCANO
CURRENT STATUS: ACTIVE
4. MOUNT ST. HELENS (USA)
LOCATION: WASHINGTON, USA
HISTORY: THE 1980 ERUPTION WAS ONE OF THE MOST DESTRUCTIVE IN U.S. HISTORY, WITH AN EXPLOSIVE LATERAL BLAST THAT RESHAPED THE MOUNTAIN.
TYPE: STRATOVOLCANO
CURRENT STATUS: ACTIVE
5. KRAKATOA (INDONESIA)
LOCATION: SUNDA STRAIT, INDONESIA
HISTORY: THE 1883 ERUPTION WAS ONE OF THE DEADLIEST IN HISTORY, CAUSING GLOBAL CLIMATIC EFFECTS. THE EXPLOSION WAS HEARD OVER 3,000 MILES AWAY.
TYPE: STRATOVOLCANO
CURRENT STATUS: ACTIVE (ANAK KRAKATOA IS CURRENTLY GROWING)
6. EYJAFJALLAJÖKULL (ICELAND)
LOCATION: ICELAND
HISTORY: THE 2010 ERUPTION DISRUPTED EUROPEAN AIR TRAVEL FOR WEEKS DUE TO MASSIVE ASH CLOUDS. KNOWN FOR ITS INTERACTION WITH GLACIERS, CAUSING SIGNIFICANT FLOODING.
TYPE: STRATOVOLCANO
CURRENT STATUS: DORMANT
7. MOUNT KILIMANJARO (TANZANIA)
LOCATION: TANZANIA
HISTORY: AFRICA’S TALLEST PEAK; LAST ERUPTED OVER 360,000 YEARS AGO. A MAJOR CLIMBING DESTINATION AND HOME TO UNIQUE GLACIERS DESPITE ITS LOCATION NEAR THE EQUATOR.
TYPE: STRATOVOLCANO
CURRENT STATUS: DORMANT
8. POPOCATÉPETL (MEXICO)
LOCATION: CENTRAL MEXICO
HISTORY: ONE OF MEXICO’S MOST ACTIVE VOLCANOES, FREQUENTLY ERUPTING SINCE 1994. A SACRED MOUNTAIN IN AZTEC MYTHOLOGY, NICKNAMED “EL POPO.”
TYPE: STRATOVOLCANO
CURRENT STATUS: ACTIVE
9. MOUNT ETNA (ITALY)
LOCATION: SICILY, ITALY
HISTORY: ONE OF THE WORLD’S MOST ACTIVE VOLCANOES, WITH NEAR-CONTINUOUS ERUPTIONS. KNOWN FOR ITS LAVA FLOWS AND IMPACT ON LOCAL AGRICULTURE.
TYPE: STRATOVOLCANO
CURRENT STATUS: ACTIVE
10. MOUNT MERAPI (INDONESIA)
LOCATION: JAVA, INDONESIA
HISTORY: ONE OF INDONESIA’S MOST ACTIVE AND DANGEROUS VOLCANOES, FREQUENTLY ERUPTING. HOME TO THOUSANDS OF PEOPLE LIVING ON ITS SLOPES DESPITE THE RISKS.
TYPE: STRATOVOLCANO
CURRENT STATUS: ACTIVE
11. KĪLAUEA (HAWAII, USA)
LOCATION: HAWAII, USA
HISTORY: ONE OF THE MOST ACTIVE VOLCANOES ON EARTH, ERUPTING CONTINUOUSLY FROM 1983 TO 2018. CREATES NEW LAND THROUGH LAVA FLOWS.
TYPE: SHIELD VOLCANO
CURRENT STATUS: ACTIVE
12. MOUNT RAINIER (USA)
LOCATION: WASHINGTON, USA
HISTORY: CONSIDERED ONE OF THE MOST DANGEROUS VOLCANOES IN THE U.S. DUE TO ITS POTENTIAL FOR MASSIVE LAHARS (VOLCANIC MUDFLOWS).
TYPE: STRATOVOLCANO
CURRENT STATUS: ACTIVE
13. MOUNT TAMBORA (INDONESIA)
LOCATION: SUMBAWA ISLAND, INDONESIA
HISTORY: THE 1815 ERUPTION WAS THE LARGEST RECORDED IN HISTORY, CAUSING THE “YEAR WITHOUT A SUMMER” DUE TO GLOBAL CLIMATIC IMPACTS.
TYPE: STRATOVOLCANO
CURRENT STATUS: ACTIVE
14. MOUNT PELEE (MARTINIQUE, CARIBBEAN)
LOCATION: MARTINIQUE, CARIBBEAN
HISTORY: THE 1902 ERUPTION COMPLETELY DESTROYED THE TOWN OF SAINT-PIERRE, KILLING OVER 30,000 PEOPLE.
TYPE: STRATOVOLCANO
CURRENT STATUS: ACTIVE
15. MOUNT NYIRAGONGO (DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO)
LOCATION: DRC, AFRICA
HISTORY: KNOWN FOR ITS FAST-MOVING LAVA FLOWS, THE 1977 AND 2002 ERUPTIONS DEVASTATED LOCAL COMMUNITIES.
TYPE: STRATOVOLCANO
CURRENT STATUS: ACTIVE
16. MOUNT TAAL (PHILIPPINES)
LOCATION: LUZON, PHILIPPINES
HISTORY: A HIGHLY ACTIVE VOLCANO WITH NUMEROUS DEADLY ERUPTIONS. THE 2020 ERUPTION CAUSED MASSIVE EVACUATIONS.
TYPE: CALDERA VOLCANO
CURRENT STATUS: ACTIVE
17. MOUNT PINATUBO (PHILIPPINES)
LOCATION: LUZON, PHILIPPINES
HISTORY: THE 1991 ERUPTION WAS ONE OF THE LARGEST IN THE 20TH CENTURY, CAUSING GLOBAL CLIMATE EFFECTS.
TYPE: STRATOVOLCANO
CURRENT STATUS: ACTIVE
18. MOUNT SHASTA (USA)
LOCATION: CALIFORNIA, USA
HISTORY: A POTENTIALLY ACTIVE VOLCANO KNOWN FOR ITS MASSIVE SIZE AND SPIRITUAL SIGNIFICANCE TO NATIVE AMERICAN CULTURES.
TYPE: STRATOVOLCANO
CURRENT STATUS: DORMANT
PROCESS OF VOLCANIC FORMATION
VOLCANOES FORM DUE TO THE MOVEMENT OF TECTONIC PLATES. THE PROCESS INVOLVES:
SUBDUCTION ZONES:–
WHEN AN OCEANIC PLATE SINKS BENEATH A CONTINENTAL PLATE, MAGMA RISES (E.G., THE ANDES).
RIFT ZONES:-
PLATES PULL APART, ALLOWING MAGMA TO SURFACE (E.G., ICELANDIC VOLCANOES).
HOTSPOTS:–
MAGMA FROM DEEP WITHIN THE MANTLE FORMS VOLCANOES AWAY FROM PLATE BOUNDARIES (E.G., HAWAII).
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN VOLCANOES AND EARTHQUAKES
VOLCANOES AND EARTHQUAKES ARE CLOSELY RELATED BECAUSE THEY BOTH RESULT FROM TECTONIC ACTIVITY. THE KEY CONNECTIONS INCLUDE:
PLATE TECTONICS
MAGMA MOVEMENT
FAULT LINES
AFTERSHOCKS AND TREMORS
SEISMIC MONITORING
HISTORICAL EVENTS
EARTHQUAKES: CAUSES, PROCESSES AND FUNCTIONS
HOW EARTHQUAKES OCCUR
EARTHQUAKES RESULT FROM THE SUDDEN RELEASE OF ENERGY IN THE EARTH’S CRUST DUE TO MOVEMENTS ALONG FAULT LINES. THE PRIMARY CAUSES INCLUDE:
TECTONIC PLATE MOVEMENTS:-
COLLISIONS, SEPARATIONS, AND SLIDING OF PLATES CAUSE STRESS THAT LEADS TO EARTHQUAKES.
VOLCANIC ACTIVITY:-
SOME EARTHQUAKES OCCUR DUE TO MAGMA MOVEMENT BENEATH VOLCANOES.
HUMAN ACTIVITIES:-
ACTIVITIES SUCH AS MINING, RESERVOIR-INDUCED SEISMICITY, AND UNDERGROUND NUCLEAR TESTS CAN TRIGGER EARTHQUAKES.
PROCESS OF AN EARTHQUAKE
STRESS ACCUMULATION:-
TECTONIC FORCES BUILD UP STRESS ALONG FAULTS.
RUPTURE INITIATION:-
THE STRESS EXCEEDS THE ROCK STRENGTH, CAUSING A RUPTURE.
SEISMIC WAVE PROPAGATION:-
THE ENERGY RELEASES IN THE FORM OF SEISMIC WAVES.
SURFACE SHAKING:-
DEPENDING ON MAGNITUDE AND DEPTH, SHAKING CAN CAUSE DAMAGE TO STRUCTURES AND TRIGGER LANDSLIDES OR TSUNAMIS.
MAJOR EARTHQUAKES IN WORLD HISTORY
1. VALDIVIA EARTHQUAKE (CHILE, 1960)
MAGNITUDE: 9.5 (STRONGEST RECORDED)
IMPACT: TRIGGERED TSUNAMIS AND WIDESPREAD DESTRUCTION IN SOUTH AMERICA AND EVEN HAWAII AND JAPAN.
2. SUMATRA-ANDAMAN EARTHQUAKE (INDIAN OCEAN, 2004)
MAGNITUDE: 9.1–9.3
IMPACT: GENERATED A MASSIVE TSUNAMI THAT KILLED OVER 230,000 PEOPLE ACROSS 14 COUNTRIES.
3. GREAT ALASKA EARTHQUAKE (USA, 1964)
MAGNITUDE: 9.2
IMPACT: MASSIVE LANDSLIDES AND TSUNAMIS DEVASTATED COASTAL REGIONS.
4. TŌHOKU EARTHQUAKE (JAPAN, 2011)
MAGNITUDE: 9.0
IMPACT: CAUSED A DEADLY TSUNAMI AND THE FUKUSHIMA NUCLEAR DISASTER.
5. HAITI EARTHQUAKE (2010)
MAGNITUDE: 7.0
IMPACT: OVER 200,000 FATALITIES AND WIDESPREAD DEVASTATION.
6. SHAANXI EARTHQUAKE (CHINA, 1556)
MAGNITUDE: ESTIMATED 8.0
IMPACT: DEADLIEST EARTHQUAKE IN RECORDED HISTORY, KILLING APPROXIMATELY 830,000 PEOPLE.
7. LISBON EARTHQUAKE (PORTUGAL, 1755)
MAGNITUDE: ESTIMATED 8.5–9.0
IMPACT: DESTROYED MUCH OF LISBON AND TRIGGERED A MASSIVE TSUNAMI AND FIRES, KILLING TENS OF THOUSANDS.
8. TANGSHAN EARTHQUAKE (CHINA, 1976)
MAGNITUDE: 7.5
IMPACT: ONE OF THE DEADLIEST EARTHQUAKES OF THE 20TH CENTURY, WITH A DEATH TOLL EXCEEDING 240,000.
9. NEPAL EARTHQUAKE (2015)
MAGNITUDE: 7.8
IMPACT: DEVASTATED LARGE PARTS OF NEPAL, KILLING NEARLY 9,000 PEOPLE AND CAUSING SEVERE STRUCTURAL DAMAGE.
10. KASHMIR EARTHQUAKE (PAKISTAN, 2005)
MAGNITUDE: 7.6
IMPACT: KILLED OVER 87,000 PEOPLE AND LEFT MILLIONS HOMELESS IN PAKISTAN AND INDIA.
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
1. WHAT IS THE LARGEST VOLCANO ON EARTH?
ANSWER: MAUNA LOA IN HAWAII, USA, IS THE LARGEST VOLCANO ON EARTH BY VOLUME AND AREA.
2. WHICH VOLCANO CAUSED THE “YEAR WITHOUT A SUMMER”?
ANSWER: MOUNT TAMBORA’S ERUPTION IN 1815 CAUSED A GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE EVENT KNOWN AS THE “YEAR WITHOUT A SUMMER.”
3. WHICH VOLCANO DESTROYED THE CITY OF POMPEII?
ANSWER: MOUNT VESUVIUS ERUPTED IN 79 AD, BURYING THE ROMAN CITIES OF POMPEII AND HERCULANEUM UNDER ASH AND PUMICE.
4. WHAT IS THE MAIN CAUSE OF VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS?
ANSWER: VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS OCCUR DUE TO THE MOVEMENT OF MAGMA CAUSED BY TECTONIC ACTIVITY, INCLUDING SUBDUCTION ZONES, RIFT ZONES, AND HOTSPOTS.
5. WHICH VOLCANO IS CONSIDERED SACRED IN JAPAN?
ANSWER: MOUNT FUJI IS CONSIDERED SACRED IN JAPANESE CULTURE AND IS AN IMPORTANT SYMBOL OF JAPAN.
6. WHAT WAS THE MOST DISRUPTIVE VOLCANIC ERUPTION FOR AIR TRAVEL IN RECENT HISTORY?
ANSWER: THE 2010 ERUPTION OF EYJAFJALLAJÖKULL IN ICELAND DISRUPTED AIR TRAVEL ACROSS EUROPE DUE TO MASSIVE ASH CLOUDS.
7. WHICH VOLCANO IS KNOWN FOR ITS RAPIDLY FLOWING LAVA?
ANSWER: MOUNT NYIRAGONGO IN THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO IS KNOWN FOR ITS EXTREMELY FAST-MOVING LAVA FLOWS.
8. WHAT TYPE OF VOLCANO IS KĪLAUEA?
ANSWER: KĪLAUEA IS A SHIELD VOLCANO, KNOWN FOR ITS FREQUENT ERUPTIONS AND LAVA FLOWS.
9. HOW ARE VOLCANOES AND EARTHQUAKES RELATED?
ANSWER: BOTH VOLCANOES AND EARTHQUAKES ARE CAUSED BY THE MOVEMENT OF TECTONIC PLATES, AND SEISMIC ACTIVITY OFTEN PRECEDES VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS.
10. WHICH VOLCANO IN THE PHILIPPINES ERUPTED IN 1991, CAUSING MAJOR CLIMATE EFFECTS?
ANSWER: MOUNT PINATUBO ERUPTED IN 1991, RELEASING MASSIVE AMOUNTS OF ASH AND AFFECTING GLOBAL TEMPERATURES.
11. WHAT IS THE MOST DANGEROUS TYPE OF VOLCANIC ERUPTION?
ANSWER: PYROCLASTIC FLOWS, WHICH CONSIST OF HOT GAS, ASH, AND VOLCANIC DEBRIS, ARE AMONG THE MOST DANGEROUS TYPES OF ERUPTIONS.
12. WHICH VOLCANO IS CONSIDERED THE MOST ACTIVE IN THE WORLD?
ANSWER: KĪLAUEA IN HAWAII IS OFTEN REGARDED AS THE WORLD’S MOST ACTIVE VOLCANO.
13. WHAT IS A CALDERA?
ANSWER: A CALDERA IS A LARGE VOLCANIC CRATER THAT FORMS WHEN A VOLCANO COLLAPSES INTO ITSELF AFTER AN ERUPTION.
14. WHAT ARE SOME BENEFITS OF VOLCANIC ACTIVITY?
ANSWER: VOLCANIC ACTIVITY CREATES FERTILE SOIL, GENERATES GEOTHERMAL ENERGY, AND CONTRIBUTES TO THE FORMATION OF NEW LANDMASSES.
15. HOW CAN SCIENTISTS PREDICT VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS?
ANSWER: SCIENTISTS USE SEISMIC ACTIVITY, GAS EMISSIONS, GROUND DEFORMATION, AND THERMAL MONITORING TO PREDICT ERUPTIONS.
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ON EARTHQUAKES
Q1: WHAT ARE THE PRIMARY CAUSES OF EARTHQUAKES?
A1: EARTHQUAKES ARE PRIMARILY CAUSED BY TECTONIC PLATE MOVEMENTS, VOLCANIC ACTIVITY, AND HUMAN-INDUCED ACTIVITIES LIKE MINING AND RESERVOIR-INDUCED SEISMICITY.
Q2: WHAT ARE SEISMIC WAVES?
A2: SEISMIC WAVES ARE ENERGY WAVES GENERATED BY EARTHQUAKES THAT TRAVEL THROUGH THE EARTH’S CRUST, CAUSING SHAKING AND DAMAGE.
Q3: WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE FOCUS AND THE EPICENTER OF AN EARTHQUAKE?
A3: THE FOCUS IS THE UNDERGROUND POINT WHERE AN EARTHQUAKE ORIGINATES, WHILE THE EPICENTER IS THE LOCATION DIRECTLY ABOVE IT ON THE SURFACE.
Q4: HOW DO SCIENTISTS MEASURE EARTHQUAKES?
A4: EARTHQUAKES ARE MEASURED USING THE RICHTER SCALE AND THE MOMENT MAGNITUDE SCALE (MW), WHICH QUANTIFY THE ENERGY RELEASED BY THE QUAKE.
Q5: WHAT IS THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EARTHQUAKES AND TSUNAMIS? A5: UNDERWATER EARTHQUAKES CAN DISPLACE LARGE VOLUMES OF WATER, GENERATING TSUNAMIS THAT CAN CAUSE WIDESPREAD COASTAL DESTRUCTION.
Q6: CAN EARTHQUAKES BE PREDICTED?
A6: WHILE SCIENTISTS CAN IDENTIFY EARTHQUAKE-PRONE AREAS, PRECISE PREDICTION OF WHEN AND WHERE AN EARTHQUAKE WILL OCCUR IS NOT YET POSSIBLE.
Q7: WHAT ARE AFTERSHOCKS?
A7: AFTERSHOCKS ARE SMALLER TREMORS THAT FOLLOW A MAJOR EARTHQUAKE AS THE EARTH’S CRUST ADJUSTS TO THE NEW STRESS DISTRIBUTION.
Q8: HOW CAN PEOPLE PROTECT THEMSELVES DURING AN EARTHQUAKE? A8: PEOPLE SHOULD FOLLOW SAFETY MEASURES SUCH AS “DROP, COVER, AND HOLD ON,” AVOID WINDOWS, AND SEEK SHELTER UNDER STURDY FURNITURE.
Q9: WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MAGNITUDE AND INTENSITY IN AN EARTHQUAKE?
A9: MAGNITUDE MEASURES THE ENERGY RELEASED AT THE SOURCE OF THE EARTHQUAKE, WHILE INTENSITY DESCRIBES THE EARTHQUAKE’S EFFECTS AT SPECIFIC LOCATIONS.
Q10: WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF SEISMIC WAVES?
A10: THE PRIMARY TYPES ARE P-WAVES (PRIMARY WAVES), S-WAVES (SECONDARY WAVES), AND SURFACE WAVES. P-WAVES TRAVEL THE FASTEST, WHILE SURFACE WAVES CAUSE THE MOST DAMAGE.
Q11: WHAT ARE THE MOST EARTHQUAKE-PRONE REGIONS IN THE WORLD? A11: THE PACIFIC RING OF FIRE, THE HIMALAYAN REGION, CALIFORNIA’S SAN ANDREAS FAULT, AND TURKEY’S NORTH ANATOLIAN FAULT ARE SOME OF THE MOST SEISMICALLY ACTIVE AREAS.
Q12: HOW DO EARTHQUAKES AFFECT INFRASTRUCTURE?
A12: EARTHQUAKES CAN CAUSE BUILDINGS TO COLLAPSE, BRIDGES TO FAIL, ROADS TO CRACK, AND GAS LINES TO RUPTURE, LEADING TO FIRES AND HAZARDOUS CONDITIONS.
Q13: WHAT IS LIQUEFACTION IN AN EARTHQUAKE?
A13: LIQUEFACTION OCCURS WHEN SATURATED SOIL TEMPORARILY LOSES ITS STRENGTH DUE TO SHAKING, CAUSING BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURES TO SINK OR TILT.
Q14: HOW DO SCIENTISTS USE SEISMOGRAPHS?
A14: SEISMOGRAPHS DETECT AND RECORD SEISMIC WAVES, ALLOWING SCIENTISTS TO DETERMINE AN EARTHQUAKE’S MAGNITUDE, LOCATION, AND DEPTH.
Q15: WHAT IS THE ROLE OF EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS IN EARTHQUAKE-PRONE AREAS? A15: EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS INCLUDES BUILDING EARTHQUAKE-RESISTANT STRUCTURES, CONDUCTING SAFETY DRILLS, AND HAVING EMERGENCY RESPONSE PLANS TO MINIMIZE DAMAGE AND SAVE LIVES.
CONCLUSION
VOLCANOES ARE VITAL TO EARTH’S GEOLOGY AND ECOSYSTEMS. WHILE THEY POSE DANGERS, THEY ALSO OFFER BENEFITS SUCH AS FERTILE LAND AND ENERGY RESOURCES. UNDERSTANDING THEIR HISTORY, RELATION TO EARTHQUAKES, AND FUNCTIONS HELPS US COEXIST WITH THESE NATURAL WONDERS. BY STUDYING SEISMIC ACTIVITY AND VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS, SCIENTISTS CAN BETTER PREDICT AND MANAGE FUTURE NATURAL DISASTERS.
VOLCANOES AND EARTHQUAKES ARE VITAL TO EARTH’S GEOLOGY AND ECOSYSTEMS. WHILE THEY POSE DANGERS, THEY ALSO CONTRIBUTE TO EARTH’S NATURAL EVOLUTION. UNDERSTANDING THEIR HISTORY, RELATION TO EACH OTHER, AND FUNCTIONS HELPS US PREDICT AND MITIGATE THEIR IMPACTS. BY STUDYING SEISMIC ACTIVITY, SCIENTISTS CAN BETTER MANAGE FUTURE NATURAL DISASTERS AND PROTECT COMMUNITIES WORLDWIDE.
THANKS.
PLEASE COMMENT IN COMMENT BOX.
